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The Azeri military offensive against the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh resulted in Azeri control and mass Armenian displacement.

• On September 19, 2023, Azeri forces launched a military offensive against the breakaway state of Artsakh.
• Within 24 hours, Artsakh was defeated, and the Azeri authority was restored across the territory.
• The offensive led to fears of ethnic cleansing and the mass exodus of the Armenian population.

Serb paramilitaries' attack in Kosovo led to a deadly confrontation with Kosovo police and escalated tensions in the region.

• A group of heavily armed Serb paramilitaries appeared in Kosovo, leading to a deadly gunfight with Kosovo police.
• A stockpile of weapons was uncovered, and the Kosovo authorities accused the Serbian government of supporting the militants.
• Serbia's military buildup on Kosovo's border doubled troop numbers, prompting NATO's troop surge in response.

The Western Balkans' ethnic and political issues stem from the collapse of Yugoslavia and the wars of the 1990s.

• Kosovo's independence from Serbia and the ethnic Serb minority's demands for autonomy have been central issues.
• The region's history of conflict, ethnic cleansing, and genocide during the Yugoslav Wars influences current geopolitical instability.
• The Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina poses a secession threat, complicating the region's political landscape.