Introduction to the chaos in early Linux distributions and the adoption of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS).

• Early Linux distributions had varying structures, causing confusion.
• The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) was adopted to standardize directory structures.
• Not all distributions strictly follow FHS; some include custom modifications.

Exploration of directories containing executable binaries and system utilities.

• /bin contains essential OS programs needed before /usr is mounted.
• /usr/bin is for user-installed programs; /usr/local/bin is for admin-installed binaries.
• Binary default precedence is set by the PATH variable; sbin directories are for root-required utilities.

Details about shared libraries and system configuration file locations.

• /lib contains essential shared libraries for early boot, while /usr/lib contains libraries for non-critical initialization.
• Libraries like glibc and libstdc++ provide core functionalities, with library search order managed by LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
• /etc houses all text-based configuration files controlling various system aspects.

Overview of directories for user data and variable system data.

• /home and /root are designated for user and admin documents and media respectively.
• /var contains frequently changing data like logs and caches, with /var/log being especially important for system inspections.

Examination of /run for volatile data and the virtual filesystems /proc and /sys for system observability.

• /run holds volatile runtime information for system services.
• /proc provides overall OS state insights, and /sys allows granular monitoring and configuration of kernel and hardware components.

Final encouragement for hands-on practice and promotion of a system design newsletter.

• The video concludes with an encouragement to apply the knowledge of Linux filesystems.
• Promotes a system design newsletter with a large readership for further learning.