Overview of the cerebral lobes and their symmetrical organization in the brain.

• The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital, each present in both hemispheres.
• Some authors propose a fifth lobe called the insula.
• The lobes are symmetrically organized across the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

The frontal lobe's location, size, and its role in advanced cognitive functions.

• The frontal lobe is the largest and located in the front part of the cortex, extending to superior and deeper regions.
• It occupies about a third of the cerebral cortex, separated from the parietal lobe by the Rolandic fissure and the temporal lobe by the Sylvian fissure.
• The frontal lobe is involved in planning, coordination, execution, and control of behavior, as well as language articulation and emotion regulation.

The parietal lobe's location, function in sensory processing, and effects of damage.

• The parietal lobe is situated under the parietal bone, in the middle and lateral parts of the head, being smaller than the frontal and temporal lobes.
• Its main function is to process sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pressure.
• Damage can lead to anesthesia, sensory epilepsy, and difficulties with reading and math.

The temporal lobe's location, role in auditory processing and memory, and consequences of damage.

• The temporal lobe is the second largest and is important for complex visual tasks like face recognition.
• It processes auditory information and language, and includes structures related to declarative memory.
• Damage can result in memory impairments and difficulties in recognizing verbal and visual information.

The occipital lobe's role in visual processing and the effects of damage.

• The occipital lobe is the smallest and located at the back of the skull, near the nape.
• As the visual processing center, it receives and projects visual information to other brain regions.
• Damage can lead to vision loss and visual hallucinations or illusions.

The insula's location within the brain and its involvement in emotional processing.

• The insula, or insular cortex, is a hidden lobe deep within the lateral sulcus, intersecting the temporal and parietal cortices.
• It is linked to the limbic system and is important for subjective emotional experiences and the representation of bodily states.
• Damage can alter the experience of pain and a range of basic emotions.