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Mexico's early federal republic faced political strife between federalists and centralists, with multiple changes in government.

• After Iturbide's empire was overthrown in 1823, Mexico restored its constituent congress and proclaimed the 1824 federal constitution.
• The first Mexican republic was characterized by conflict between federalists and centralists, leading to two triumvirates and nine presidents.
• The 1824 constitution, Mexico's first official constitution, established a federal representative republic with 19 states, four territories, and a federal district.
• The constitution respected freedom of speech and established the division of powers within the federation and states.

Mexico's heterogeneous society and economic attempts by the government during Guadalupe Victoria's term are described.

• Society was diverse, with whites, indigenous people, and castas making up the population.
• The economy was driven by various sectors, including merchants, miners, and artisans, who adapted to political instability.
• During Guadalupe Victoria's government, ministers attempted to boost the economy, particularly the textile industry, but faced economic challenges.

Mexico received international recognition and took significant steps in infrastructure and education during the early republic.

• In 1825, the United States recognized the Mexican Republic, and the United Kingdom provided loans to support Mexico's obligations.
• Mexico invested in infrastructure projects, including the restoration of Mexico City, the construction of the Anthropology Museum, and the establishment of the Naval Army.
• Laws for colonization were enacted, and the Spanish-held San Juan de Ulua was occupied.

Mexico experienced political upheavals, leading to Vicente Guerrero's presidency and subsequent execution.

• After fraudulent elections, Vicente Guerrero became president following a political overthrow of Manuel Gómez Pedraza.
• Guerrero's presidency saw the expulsion of Spaniards and the quelling of rebellions.
• Guerrero was eventually captured and executed by Anastasio Bustamante's order.

Santa Anna's repeated ascension to power and the shift from federalism to centralism are highlighted.

• Santa Anna opposed Anastasio Bustamante's government, leading to a series of power changes and the establishment of a centralist republic.
• The 1835 Constitutive Congress, dominated by conservatives, abolished the 1824 Constitution and enacted the Seven Laws, marking the beginning of the centralist republic.