Substance abuse disorder affects millions and spans a range of drug use patterns causing life issues.

• More than 36 million people estimated to have substance abuse disorder as of 2021.
• The condition ranges from patterned use to the severe end of addiction, impacting personal lives.

Addictive substances alter the brain's functioning, leading to tolerance, dependence, and changes in behavior.

• Repeated use leads to brain adjustments, requiring more of the drug to achieve the same effect.
• Alcohol and drugs affect neurotransmitter levels, altering pleasure and calmness sensations and mood.

Chronic substance use leads to brain changes that diminish control over substance use and increase risk-taking.

• The brain's reward pathway becomes exploited, leading to dependence and a diminished role of the cortex in decision-making.
• The subcortex's role in habit formation and impulsivity increases, contributing to a feeling of lack of control.

Withdrawal symptoms vary by drug, with the speed of brain stimulation playing a role in addiction potential.

• Opioid withdrawal causes heightened pain and anxiety, while faster-acting drugs like heroin are more addictive.
• The delivery method of a substance, such as smoking or vaping, affects how quickly and strongly it stimulates the brain.

Genetics, life experiences, and age of first use influence an individual's susceptibility to substance use disorder.

• Genetic traits and traumatic experiences can make individuals more prone to addiction.
• Substance use before age 18 poses a strong risk due to sensitive reward pathways in younger brains.

Recovery from addiction is a multifaceted process involving detox, treatment of underlying conditions, and supportive environments.

• Detoxing can be challenging and risky, and abrupt cessation isn't always advised.
• Long-term recovery strategies include addressing mental health, creating new associations, and fostering supportive settings.